EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: FROM CLASSICAL APPROACHES TO CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

Abstract

The article examines the evolution of the concept of state responsibility in international law from classical doctrinal approaches to contemporary transformations. The historical development of the institution of international responsibility of states, its codification, and the role of international judicial bodies in shaping modern practice are analyzed.

Particular attention is paid to modern challenges for the institution of state responsibility, including issues of attribution in cyberspace, the growing role of non-state actors in international relations, environmental responsibility, and violations of international humanitarian law.

The article argues that the classical model of international responsibility, which was primarily based on bilateral relations between states, is gradually transforming into a more complex system of responsibility toward the international community as a whole. It is emphasized that modern international law demonstrates a tendency toward expanding the scope of state responsibility and strengthening international judicial mechanisms.

The research concludes that further development of legal mechanisms for implementing state responsibility is necessary in order to address emerging global challenges.